Japan's AZEC Initiative, which aims to foster climate cooperation across Asia, has faced criticism for promoting or extending the use of fossil fuels in approximately one-third of its agreements.

Critics argue that these projects undermine the goal of decarbonization. Concerns have been raised about the long-term financial viability of AZEC, as Japan has invested significantly more in fossil fuel initiatives than in clean energy. The financial support provided by Japan could also exacerbate the debt burdens of Southeast Asian economies.

The debate surrounding technologies promoted under AZEC, such as ammonia co-firing and carbon capture, is complicated by differing opinions on their environmental impact. Some studies suggest that natural gas can be more polluting than coal, raising skepticism about the climate benefits of these technologies.

While Japan's newly appointed Prime Minister has indicated a potential shift toward renewable energy, concerns remain that AZEC may primarily promote fossil-based technologies. Japan's fossil fuel investments through AZEC have drawn criticism from other governments, including Canada, the UK, and Germany, for being inconsistent with commitments to cease overseas financing for unabated fossil fuels.

The international community will continue to monitor Japan's actions and commitments regarding AZEC.