The space launch industry is experiencing significant changes as companies explore different approaches to rocket reusability.
United Launch Alliance (ULA) has taken a unique path with its Vulcan rocket, focusing on recovering the engine section rather than the entire vehicle. ULA has introduced the Sensible Modular Autonomous Return Technology (SMART) to maximize the reuse of the most valuable component. ULA's CEO, Tory Bruno, has highlighted recent advancements in SMART reuse, including a preliminary design review for the recovery system and the development of an inflatable heat shield. ULA plans to conduct tests to ensure clean separation of the engine section before moving on to inflatable decelerator tests. The first flight of the recovered engine section could occur within the next one to two years.
While many companies embrace reusability, not all industry leaders share the same enthusiasm. Avio's CEO, Giulio Ranzo, expressed skepticism about the necessity of reusability for survival in the market. Rocket Lab, initially focused on reusability, is prioritizing its Neutron rocket development. Even SpaceX occasionally opts for expendable launches when mission requirements demand maximum performance.
Blue Origin is making strides in reusability with its New Glenn rocket. CEO Dave Limp expressed confidence in landing the booster during its inaugural launch. Stoke Space aims for full reusability with a two-stage vehicle, similar to SpaceX's Starship vision.
In Europe, reactions to rocket reusability advancements have been mixed. Josef Aschbacher, director general of the European Space Agency, acknowledged SpaceX's achievements but raised questions about Europe's position. Some European companies, like Rocket Factory Augsburg, have concerns about falling behind, while others are pursuing their own initiatives. MaiaSpace is developing a small launch vehicle for vertical landing and reuse, similar to SpaceX's Falcon 9. PLD Space has outlined a roadmap for its Miura 5 rocket, aiming to incorporate reusability through propulsive landings.
As PLD Space prepares for its Miura 5 launches, the company envisions a future where reusability is integral to its operations. The Miura Next series of rockets will feature boosters capable of landing back at the launch site or on a downrange ship, with plans to recover the majority of boosters on most missions. Reusability is becoming increasingly important in the competitive landscape of space launch services as companies strive to balance cost reduction with environmental sustainability.